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Biography

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Agnes Kim Hyo-ju (Korean: 김효주 아녜스) was a Korean Catholic laywoman and virgin martyr of the nineteenth century, counted among the 103 Korean Martyrs of the Catholic Church. She was born in 1816 in Seoul, in the Joseon kingdom, into a family that had already accepted the Catholic faith. She was the younger sister of Columba Kim Hyo-im, who was also martyred and later canonized. After the death of their parents, the two sisters lived a retired life of prayer, fasting, and charity. In a society that expected women to marry, both chose to remain unmarried and to consecrate their virginity to God, supporting the still-clandestine Catholic community as they could.

Catholicism had reached Korea in the late eighteenth century largely through lay reading and initiative rather than through a resident hierarchy, and it remained prohibited. Earlier persecutions had already taken lives, notably in 1801. In 1839 the Gihae persecution began during the reign of King Heonjong, under the regency of Queen Sunwon. Korean Catholics and the few foreign missionaries then in the country were hunted, imprisoned, and pressed to recant. Agnes and her sister were arrested. They were interrogated, ordered to deny the Christian faith, and subjected to the severe corporal punishments used in Joseon judicial practice, including beatings. Accounts preserved by the Korean Church describe the sisters as encouraging one another in prison and as refusing to apostatize.

Agnes Kim Hyo-ju was condemned and beheaded in Seoul in 1839, at the execution ground associated with the Small West Gate (Seosomun). She was about twenty-three years old. Her sister Columba suffered the same death. Their executions belonged to a larger series of killings of Korean Catholics that year, which also included the three French missionaries of the Paris Foreign Missions Society—Bishop Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert and Fathers Pierre Maubant and Jacques Chastan—put to death in September 1839.

Memory of Agnes and the other Korean martyrs was kept by the surviving Catholic community and by the dossiers later assembled for beatification. Seventy-nine Korean martyrs, including those of the 1839 persecution, were beatified by Pope Pius XI on 5 July 1925. Further martyrs of later persecutions were beatified in 1968. On 6 May 1984, during his visit to Korea, Pope John Paul II canonized 103 Korean Martyrs together in Seoul; Agnes Kim Hyo-ju and her sister Columba were among them. Their collective liturgical feast is 20 September. Agnes held no ecclesiastical office and belonged to no religious order. She is venerated as a lay virgin martyr of the underground Church in nineteenth-century Korea.

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