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Anastasius Hartmann was born Joseph Alois Hartmann on 24 February 1803 in the village of Altwis in the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland. He grew up in a Catholic region with a long Capuchin presence and entered the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin in the early 1820s, taking the religious name Anastasius. After novitiate and studies he was ordained a priest in the mid-1820s. In the following years he served in Swiss Capuchin houses as a lecturer in philosophy and theology and as a preacher, and was known among his brethren for learning, personal austerity, and pastoral zeal before being selected for the Indian missions under the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith.

In 1845 he was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Patna, a large missionary jurisdiction in northern India covering much of the Ganges plain, including Bihar, and was named titular Bishop of Derbe. He received episcopal consecration in 1846. The vicariate had few priests, scattered Catholic communities made up largely of European soldiers and a small number of Indian Christians, and almost no institutional infrastructure. Hartmann worked to found or stabilize mission stations, schools, and charitable works, to recruit clergy, and to visit a territory that was difficult to travel. Conditions were marked by poverty, climate, disease, and the limited resources of a newly organized vicariate of Propaganda Fide.

Hartmann was later given responsibility as well for the Vicariate Apostolic of Bombay, where he became involved in the long-running conflict between missionaries of the Propaganda Fide and clergy claiming rights under the Portuguese Padroado. Jurisdictional disputes, resistance from some local clergy, and strained relations with civil and ecclesiastical authorities complicated his administration. The mid-nineteenth century in northern India was also a period of political upheaval, including the rebellion of 1857, which disrupted mission work and European communities in the region. Ill health and the burdens of office led to changes in his assignments; he eventually concentrated again on the Patna vicariate.

In his later years he resided at Patna, associated with the Capuchin residence and the seat of the vicariate. Contemporaries remembered him for personal poverty, long hours of prayer, care for the poor and the sick, and persistence despite limited numerical success in conversions and despite administrative setbacks. He died in Patna on 24 April 1866. After his death he was venerated among Capuchins and among Catholics in northern India as a model missionary bishop. A cause for beatification was later promoted, though he has not been formally beatified or canonized. His life belongs to the nineteenth-century Capuchin missionary expansion in British India and to the difficult implementation of Propaganda Fide vicariates alongside older Padroado structures.

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