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Antoni Julian Nowowiejski was born on 11 February 1858 in the village of Lubienia, in the Russian-controlled Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland). He received his early formation in that partition of Poland and entered the diocesan seminary at Płock. He was ordained a priest of the Diocese of Płock in 1881. Like many Latin-rite clergy from the Russian partition, he continued his studies at the Imperial Roman Catholic Theological Academy in Saint Petersburg, where he obtained an advanced degree in theology. Returning to Płock, he taught in the seminary, served as a cathedral canon, and later became rector of the seminary and vicar general. He established a reputation as a church historian and liturgist rather than as a member of any religious order; he remained diocesan clergy throughout his life.

In 1908 Pope Pius X appointed him Bishop of Płock. He was consecrated the same year and governed that see until his death. His long episcopate spanned the last years of Tsarist rule, the First World War, the rebirth of the Polish state in 1918, and the interwar Second Republic. He worked to rebuild seminary formation, parish life, and Catholic education after decades of partition-era restrictions. He published substantial scholarly work on the Catholic liturgy, above all a multi-volume Wykład liturgii Kościoła katolickiego (Exposition of the Liturgy of the Catholic Church), which became a standard Polish reference. He also wrote on the history of the Płock church. In 1930 Pope Pius XI granted him the personal title of archbishop as titular Archbishop of Silyum, while he continued as ordinary of Płock.

When Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Nowowiejski, already more than eighty years old, remained with his diocese instead of seeking safety elsewhere. Nazi policy in occupied Poland included systematic persecution of the Polish Catholic clergy, especially in territories brought under direct German administration. In late February 1940 he was arrested by the German authorities together with other priests of the diocese. He was held in prisons at Płock and Sierpc and in 1941 was transferred to the Soldau (Działdowo) concentration camp. Despite his age he was subjected to forced labor, humiliation, and physical abuse.

He died in the camp on 28 May 1941 from maltreatment and exhaustion. His death belongs to the wider wartime martyrdom of the Polish clergy. On 13 June 1999, during a visit to Warsaw, Pope John Paul II beatified him among the 108 Martyrs of World War II. In the liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church in Poland he is commemorated with that group of blesseds, whose collective feast is 12 June. He has not been canonized. He is remembered as a scholar-bishop who stayed with his flock under occupation and died as a confessor of the faith. No verified individual patronages are attached to his name beyond that collective cult of the wartime martyrs.

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