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Augustine Tolton, commonly known as Augustus Tolton, was born in 1854 at Brush Creek in Ralls County, Missouri, to Peter Paul Tolton and Martha Jane Chisley, who were enslaved Catholics. He was baptized in the Catholic Church as an infant and spent his earliest years in bondage. During the American Civil War his father escaped and is reported to have died after joining Union forces. Martha Jane then fled with her children across the Mississippi River into Illinois and settled in Quincy. There the family found work and a parish home among a largely German Catholic population, while also encountering the racial hostility that marked much of nineteenth-century American life.

In Quincy, priests who recognized Tolton's intelligence and piety, notably Father Peter McGirr of St. Peter's Church, encouraged his education. He attended Catholic schools despite opposition from some white parishioners who objected to a Black child in the classroom, and he later studied at St. Francis Solanus College, conducted by the Franciscans. Sensing a vocation to the priesthood, he sought admission to seminaries in the United States, but none would accept a Black candidate. With the support of local clergy and the Franciscans, he was sent in 1880 to Rome to study at the Pontifical Urban College of Propaganda Fide, the missionary seminary of the Holy See.

Tolton was ordained a priest in Rome on 24 April 1886. Although he had expected assignment to the African missions, church authorities sent him back to the United States to minister among African American Catholics. He returned to Quincy and was placed in charge of St. Joseph's Church. His ministry there combined pastoral zeal with painful conflict: some white clergy and laity resented a Black priest, and racial and jurisdictional tensions eventually made his position untenable. In 1889 he was transferred to Chicago.

In Chicago, Tolton gathered a community of Black Catholics, first in borrowed facilities and then at St. Monica's Church, which became the city's first parish established for African American Catholics. He was regarded as a gifted preacher and a devoted pastor to the poor, and he took part in early national gatherings of Black Catholics. The labor of building a parish with scant resources, together with the strain of racial prejudice, weighed heavily on him. On 9 July 1897, during a severe heat wave, he collapsed and died in Chicago at the age of forty-three. He was buried at St. Peter's Cemetery in Quincy, Illinois.

Tolton is recognized as the first Catholic priest in the United States who was publicly known and identified as African American. Earlier priests of mixed African ancestry, such as members of the Healy family, had generally not been identified as Black in public ministry. The Diocese of Springfield in Illinois opened his cause for canonization in 2010. He was named a Servant of God, and in 2019 Pope Francis declared him Venerable by recognizing his heroic virtue. He has not been beatified or canonized, and he has no official feast day or assigned patronages.

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