Ecclesius

Ecclesius was bishop of Ravenna from 521 or 522 until his death in 532. No reliable source records his date or place of birth, his parentage, or his career before he became bishop. He held the see while Ravenna was the capital of the Ostrogothic kingdom, first under Theodoric the Great and then, after 526, under the child-king Athalaric and the regency of Amalasuntha. The Catholic bishop of Ravenna occupied a politically delicate position: the Gothic court was Arian, yet it generally tolerated the Catholic hierarchy, and the city remained in close cultural contact with the Eastern Roman Empire. The principal narrative source for his episcopate is the ninth-century Liber Pontificalis Ecclesiae Ravennatis of Agnellus of Ravenna, which preserves local traditions and inscriptions but must be used with caution because it was written centuries later and mixes archival material with legend.

In 525 Pope John I was sent by Theodoric on an embassy to Constantinople to seek relief for Arians then under pressure from the emperor Justin I. Ecclesius was among the Italian bishops who accompanied the pope. The delegation was received with honor in the eastern capital, but the mission did not produce the political result Theodoric wanted. After the party's return, the pope was imprisoned and died in captivity in 526; Ecclesius resumed his duties in Ravenna. This embassy is one of the few episodes in which he appears in sources beyond the local Ravennate tradition, and it shows him acting as a senior western prelate during the last crisis of Theodoric's reign.

Ecclesius is best remembered as a church builder. He founded Santa Maria Maggiore in Ravenna and began construction of the Basilica of San Vitale, an octagonal church dedicated to the martyr Vitalis that became one of the outstanding works of early Byzantine architecture in Italy. Substantial funding came from the banker Julianus Argentarius. Ecclesius did not live to see San Vitale finished; it was completed and consecrated in 547 under Bishop Maximianus, after the Byzantine reconquest of the city. In the apse mosaic of San Vitale he is shown at Christ's right, offering a model of the church, and is identified by name. The portrait, executed after his death, is among the earliest securely labeled images of a bishop of Ravenna and is the chief visual monument of his episcopate.

He died in 532 and was succeeded by Ursicinus. He has been venerated as a saint in the church of Ravenna and is counted among the holy bishops of that see, but contemporary evidence for a cult, for miracles, or for the exact day of his death is lacking, and later calendars are not uniform. Nothing certain is known of his personal life, of any monastic background, or of a family. His historical importance rests on the Constantinopolitan embassy of 525–526 and on the building program that linked Ravenna's Catholic church to the artistic and religious world of the Justinianic empire on the eve of the Gothic War.