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Biography

Short Description

The Fourteen Holy Helpers (German: Vierzehn Nothelfer) are a group of Christian saints venerated together in the Roman Catholic Church, especially in the German-speaking lands, from the later Middle Ages. The collective cult took shape in the Rhineland during the fourteenth century, when epidemic disease, including the Black Death, made intercession against plague and sudden death a central concern of popular piety. The Helpers were not a historical community living at one time and place. They are a devotional grouping of earlier saints, most of them commemorated as martyrs of the Roman persecutions of the third and early fourth centuries, together with Saint Giles, an abbot associated with Gaul in the seventh or eighth century. Believers invoked them jointly as Nothelfer, helpers in need, particularly in illness.

A relatively stable German list names Saints Agathius (also called Acacius), Barbara, Blaise, Catherine of Alexandria, Christopher, Cyriacus, Denis of Paris, Erasmus of Formia (Elmo), Eustace, George, Giles, Margaret of Antioch, Pantaleon, and Vitus. Each already possessed particular patronages: Blaise for the throat, Erasmus for abdominal and intestinal complaints, Vitus for epilepsy, Barbara and Christopher for sudden death and dangerous journeys, Margaret for women in childbirth, Pantaleon for physicians, and others for headache, lightning, family distress, or livestock. Regional variants sometimes replaced one or more names with other popular saints such as Anthony, Nicholas, Sebastian, or Oswald. Much of the narrative material attached to several of these figures is legendary. In 1969 the Holy See removed or reduced in the General Roman Calendar the celebrations of saints whose historical existence is poorly documented, among them Catherine of Alexandria, Christopher, and Margaret of Antioch; local and popular devotion to them, and to the Helpers as a group, has nevertheless continued.

The principal shrine of the collective cult is the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers (Vierzehnheiligen) near Bad Staffelstein in Upper Franconia, Bavaria. According to the foundation legend, in 1445 and again in 1446 a shepherd named Hermann Leicht, in the service of the Cistercian abbey of Langheim, saw a child who later appeared with fourteen companions identifying themselves as the Holy Helpers and asking that a chapel be built. A pilgrimage chapel followed; in the eighteenth century it was replaced by the present baroque basilica, designed by Balthasar Neumann and constructed between 1743 and 1772, which remains a major pilgrimage church in the Archdiocese of Bamberg.

The feast of the Fourteen Holy Helpers has commonly been kept on 8 August. The devotion spread from the Rhineland and Franconia into other Catholic regions of Europe, including parts of Hungary, Italy, and France, and travelled with German-speaking emigrants. It was never a feast of the universal General Roman Calendar in the modern sense, and after the liturgical reforms of the twentieth century it is observed only locally and in popular piety. The saints were not canonized as a single group; most belong to the ancient cultus of martyrs and confessors that predates the later papal process of canonization. As a collective they are remembered as intercessors against epidemic disease and for those in any grave need, rather than as one person with a single biography, birthplace, or tomb.

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