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Francis Mary Paul Libermann was born Jacob Libermann on 12 April 1802 in Saverne, Alsace, in eastern France. He was the son of Lazarus Libermann, chief rabbi of Saverne, and was raised in a strictly observant Jewish household with the expectation that he would follow his father into the rabbinate. He received a thorough education in Hebrew, the Talmud, and rabbinic commentary. In the mid-1820s several of his brothers converted to Catholicism, a shock that drove Jacob into a prolonged examination of his own beliefs. After an intense intellectual and spiritual crisis he was baptized in Paris on 24 December 1826, taking the names François Marie Paul. The conversion opened a painful breach with his father, who never fully accepted the decision.

Libermann entered the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice to prepare for the priesthood. Around 1829 he began to suffer epileptic seizures, an illness that repeatedly interrupted his studies and, under the rules then in force, made bishops unwilling to ordain him. For more than a decade he remained in minor orders, living at the Sulpician house of Issy-les-Moulineaux and later at Rennes, where he served as spiritual director to Eudist novices. During this long delay two Creole seminarians, Frédéric Le Vavasseur of Réunion and Eugène Tisserant of Haiti, described to him the religious neglect of formerly enslaved African populations in the French colonies. Their testimony led him to plan a missionary congregation devoted to those peoples. He was finally ordained a priest on 18 September 1841 and at once founded the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, also known as the Congregation of the Holy Heart of Mary.

In 1848 the Holy See arranged the union of Libermann’s young society with the older Congregation of the Holy Spirit, founded in 1703 by Claude-François Poullart des Places and by then in serious decline. Libermann became superior general of the combined institute, styled the Congregation of the Holy Spirit under the protection of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. As superior he organized missions along the West African coast, especially in Senegal and Guinea, as well as in the Indian Ocean colonies and the Caribbean. He urged missionaries to learn local languages, to respect indigenous customs where they did not contradict Christian faith, and to work toward an indigenous clergy. His spiritual teaching, preserved in a large correspondence, centered on what he called practical union: a simple, continual adherence to God in the midst of ordinary duties, joined to complete abandonment to divine providence.

Libermann died in Paris on 2 February 1852, not yet fifty years of age, his health broken by epilepsy and by the labors of government. He was neither beatified nor canonized, but the Catholic Church has recognized his heroic virtue and given him the title Venerable. Later generations of Spiritans have regarded him as their second founder. His letters remain a standard source of missionary spirituality, and the congregation he reconstituted became one of the principal Catholic forces in the nineteenth- and twentieth-century evangelization of Africa.

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