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Gregory Thaumaturgus, also known as Gregory of Neocaesarea and Gregory the Wonderworker, was a third-century bishop of Neocaesarea in Pontus, in northern Asia Minor. He was born in the early third century into a distinguished pagan family of that city, and his original name is reported as Theodore. His father, a local official of standing, died when Gregory was still a youth, after which he received a rhetorical and legal education typical of the provincial elite. Intending to pursue legal studies at Berytus, he traveled south with his brother Athenodorus and, at Caesarea in Palestine, came under the influence of the Christian teacher Origen. The two brothers remained with Origen for several years in the 230s, receiving a philosophical and theological formation that led to Gregory's conversion to Christianity. On departing he delivered a formal farewell address, the Panegyric to Origen, which remains a principal contemporary witness both to Origen's pedagogy and to Gregory's own intellectual development.

Upon returning to Pontus, Gregory was consecrated bishop of his native Neocaesarea, according to later tradition by Phaedimus, bishop of Amasea, despite considerable reluctance on Gregory's part. Hagiographical accounts, transmitted especially through Gregory of Nyssa in the later fourth century, claim that the Christian community in the city was extremely small at the beginning of his episcopate and that by the time of his death paganism had been reduced to a remnant. Historically more secure is his participation in the synod held at Antioch in the mid-260s that addressed the teaching of Paul of Samosata. His Canonical Epistle, written in the aftermath of Gothic raids on Pontus in the 250s, gives pastoral rulings on Christians who had eaten sacrificial food, collaborated with invaders, or been carried into captivity, and it is an important early document of penitential and canonical practice in Asia Minor.

Gregory's surviving writings, though few, were influential. Besides the Panegyric to Origen and the Canonical Epistle, an Exposition of the Faith circulating under his name presents a concise Trinitarian confession; later tradition, recorded by Gregory of Nyssa, associated this creed with a visionary appearance of the Apostle John and the Virgin Mary, an episode often cited as among the earliest Marian apparition narratives. A paraphrase of Ecclesiastes and a short treatise addressed to a certain Theopompus on the possibility of God experiencing emotion are also attributed to him, though the authenticity of some items in the corpus has been debated by modern scholars. In later centuries he was remembered above all as a wonderworker. Gregory of Nyssa's Life, drawing on family tradition through Macrina the Elder, recounts miracles such as the moving of a mountain to clear a site for a church, the drying of a contested lake, the planting of a staff that took root, and numerous healings and exorcisms. These stories belong to the hagiographical tradition of the fourth century rather than to strictly contemporary report, but they explain the epithet Thaumaturgus and the later invocation of Gregory against earthquakes and floods.

He died at Neocaesarea in the later third century, during or near the reign of the emperor Aurelian. His tomb and the church associated with his ministry became local centers of veneration. The churches of East and West commemorate him on 17 November. He was never bishop of Rome or occupant of a patriarchal see, nor a member of a later religious order; his historical importance lies in his role as a disciple of Origen, as a missionary bishop on the Pontic frontier, and as a figure through whom third-century Christianity in Asia Minor was remembered and idealized in the following century.

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