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Ilya Mikhailovich Gromoglasov was born in 1869 in the village of Ershovo, in the Shatsk district of Tambov Governorate in the Russian Empire, into the family of a parish priest. Raised in the world of the rural clergy of central Russia, he followed the established educational path of that estate, studying at the Shatsk Theological School and then at the Tambov Theological Seminary. In the late 1880s he entered the Moscow Theological Academy, then the foremost higher theological institution of the Russian Orthodox Church. He graduated in 1893 with the degree of candidate of theology and was retained at the Academy to prepare for a professorial career. Shortly thereafter he began to teach, eventually holding a chair connected with the history of church law and with canon law, disciplines in which he acquired a scholarly reputation.

During the late imperial period Gromoglasov belonged to the small circle of academically trained specialists who staffed the Russian theological academies. His publications and lectures treated canon law, the history of the Russian Church, and the Old Believer schism, a subject of both pastoral and legal importance in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He took part in the wider ecclesiastical discussions of those years concerning the reform of church administration, the status of the parish, and the relation of church law to the imperial state. The Moscow Theological Academy, like the other academies, was shaken in the years before the First World War by disputes over academic autonomy and over the control exercised by the Holy Synod and the episcopate; Gromoglasov's career was affected by those conflicts. After the revolutions of 1917 the Academy in Moscow was closed by the new regime. Gromoglasov remained in Moscow and continued to teach and to write as far as Soviet conditions allowed, including in secular higher education, while the Orthodox Church was subjected to disestablishment, confiscation of property, and growing persecution.

In 1922, at a moment when the Soviet state was intensifying its campaign against the Church and when the renovationist schism was dividing the clergy, Gromoglasov was ordained deacon and then priest. He served thereafter in Moscow as a member of the married parish clergy and was raised to the rank of archpriest. His priesthood coincided with the years of Patriarch Tikhon's struggle to preserve canonical church order, with the imprisonment and exile of bishops, and with repeated police operations against clergy and active laity. Gromoglasov was himself arrested in the mid-1920s. Released, he was arrested again in 1931 and sentenced to exile in the northern regions of the Russian Soviet republic. After serving that sentence he settled in Kalinin, the Soviet name then given to the ancient city of Tver, northwest of Moscow, and lived there under the constraints typical for a previously convicted priest.

In November 1937, at the height of the Great Terror, the NKVD arrested Archpriest Ilya Gromoglasov in Kalinin. He was accused of counter-revolutionary activity, the charge routinely employed that year to justify the execution of clergy, former academics, and other members of the pre-revolutionary educated classes. An extrajudicial troika of the NKVD sentenced him to death. He was shot on 4 December 1937 and buried in an unmarked mass grave, the usual fate of those executed in provincial NKVD operations of that autumn. More than six decades later, in August 2000, the Jubilee Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, convened in Moscow under Patriarch Alexy II, glorified him as a hieromartyr among the Synaxis of the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia. The Church commemorates him on 4 December, the anniversary of his death, and on the Sunday of the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia.

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