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Irenaeus was a Greek-speaking Christian theologian and bishop of Lugdunum (modern Lyon) in Roman Gaul in the later second century. He is counted among the most important of the early Church Fathers and was a principal defender of what became Christian orthodoxy against Gnostic and related teachings. By his own account, preserved by Eusebius of Caesarea, he had heard Polycarp of Smyrna in his youth; Polycarp was widely held to have been a disciple of the apostle John. That claimed personal link to the apostolic generation underpinned Irenaeus's later appeals to public apostolic tradition and to the succession of bishops. He was born in Asia Minor in the first half of the second century; later tradition associates his early life especially with Smyrna, though the precise city of his birth is not recorded in contemporary sources.

He subsequently went to the West and served as a presbyter of the church at Lugdunum. In the persecution of the churches of Lyon and Vienne around 177, under Marcus Aurelius, the aged bishop Pothinus was among those put to death. Irenaeus had been sent to Rome bearing a letter from the Lyon confessors to Bishop Eleutherius concerning the New Prophecy (Montanism), and so was absent during the worst of the violence. After his return he succeeded Pothinus as bishop of Lugdunum. In that office he sought to strengthen the churches of Gaul, to keep communion with both Rome and the East, and to refute doctrines he judged incompatible with the apostolic faith.

His chief surviving work is the five-book treatise Against Heresies (Latin Adversus Haereses; the Greek title means Detection and Overthrow of Falsely Named Knowledge). Composed in Greek and preserved largely in a Latin version, it remains the most important ancient source for the systems of Valentinus and other Gnostic teachers, and for Marcion. Irenaeus denied that the Gnostics possessed a secret apostolic tradition. The genuine tradition, he argued, was public, handed down in the churches founded by the apostles, and could be verified by the succession of bishops, of which he gave a list for the church of Rome. He defended the unity of the Old and New Testaments, the goodness of the created material world, the true incarnation of the Word, and the resurrection of the body. A shorter work, the Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching, survives in Armenian and offers a more positive statement of the rule of faith.

Irenaeus's distinctive theological theme is recapitulation: Christ as the new Adam sums up and restores the whole of humanity and creation, undoing the first Adam's disobedience. He also argued that the Church receives exactly four Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John—and no others. During the Quartodeciman dispute over the date of Easter, he wrote to Bishop Victor of Rome urging him not to excommunicate the churches of Asia, which followed a different custom; Eusebius portrays him as a mediator whose name, meaning peaceful, suited his role.

The date and circumstances of his death are not known from contemporary evidence. A later tradition, found in Gregory of Tours in the sixth century, made him a martyr, and modern reference works often place his death around the beginning of the third century at Lyon. He was buried at Lyon; a church later dedicated to him stood over the traditional site of his tomb, though the relics were destroyed in the sixteenth century. He is venerated as a saint in East and West. The Roman Catholic Church keeps his feast on 28 June, the Eastern Orthodox Church on 23 August. In 2022 Pope Francis declared him a Doctor of the Church with the title Doctor unitatis (Doctor of Unity).

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