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Luis Cáncer de Barbastro was a Spanish Dominican friar and missionary of the sixteenth century, born in Barbastro in the Kingdom of Aragon. He entered the Order of Preachers and in due course crossed the Atlantic to work in the Spanish Indies. After laboring in the Caribbean he continued on the mainland of New Spain, including among Maya communities in the region of Guatemala, where he became known for learning indigenous languages and for insisting that conversion should rest on preaching and example rather than on military force. His outlook belonged to the reforming current within the Dominican Order associated with Bartolomé de las Casas, which held that the native peoples of the Americas were free subjects of the Crown and that evangelization must not be built on terror or enslavement.

By the 1540s the Florida peninsula had already been traversed by large armed expeditions, notably those of Pánfilo de Narváez and Hernando de Soto, which had fought, enslaved, and spread disease among coastal and interior peoples and had left many of them deeply hostile to Spaniards. Cáncer nonetheless argued that a small unarmed party of friars, arriving without soldiers, might still be received if they offered only the Christian message. With support from his order and from royal and viceregal authorities he obtained permission from Charles V for such a peaceful mission, an unusual concession at that date. In 1549 he sailed from the Gulf coast of New Spain with a handful of fellow Dominicans, among them Fray Diego de Tolosa, Fray Juan García, Fray Gregorio de Beteta, and a lay brother named Fuentes, together with a Florida-born interpreter, a baptized woman known as Magdalena who had been taken from the region in an earlier raid.

The ship reached Tampa Bay, in the country of the Tocobaga. A first landing ended in disaster: Tolosa, Fuentes, and Magdalena went inland and did not return; Magdalena appears to have rejoined her people, and the two religious were killed. Cáncer, who had wished the whole enterprise to remain nonviolent and who still hoped that preaching alone might succeed, then determined to go ashore himself. On 26 June 1549 he left the ship in a small boat, carrying a crucifix. According to the account later associated with Fray Gregorio de Beteta, who watched from the vessel, Cáncer knelt on the beach in prayer and was set upon by Tocobaga warriors and beaten to death with clubs. The remaining friars could neither recover his body nor continue the mission and withdrew.

Cáncer thus died as the leader of the first documented attempt to evangelize Florida without a military escort. Later Catholic writing in the region has often remembered him as a proto-martyr of Florida, though he has not been formally beatified or canonized by the Holy See. His story survives principally through the report of the survivors and through the subsequent historiography of the Spanish missions in the Southeast, where it stands both as an expression of the Dominican ideal of peaceful preaching and as a record of the mistrust left by earlier Spanish violence on that coast.

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