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Biography

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Lupus of Sens, known in French as Saint Loup or Saint Leu (Latin: Lupus Senonensis), was a bishop of the metropolitan see of Sens in Frankish Gaul during the early seventh century. He is distinct from the fifth-century Saint Lupus of Troyes, with whom he is sometimes confused in popular devotion. According to medieval hagiographic tradition he was born at Orléans into the Frankish nobility in the later sixth century. Later lives name his father as Betto (or Bettus), a magnate associated with Orléans, and his mother as Austregildis. No contemporary charter or chronicle confirms these family details, which rest on a Vita composed well after his death. That tradition states that he entered the monastery of Mantenay (Mantureium), in the region of Troyes, and lived there as a monk before being raised to the episcopate. Precise dates for his birth and monastic profession are not preserved in sources of his own time.

In the first decade of the seventh century, commonly placed about 609, the clergy and people of Sens elected him bishop. Sens was then one of the leading ecclesiastical provinces of the Merovingian kingdoms, with metropolitan rank over several suffragan sees. His pontificate coincided with the reign of King Chlothar II. The central episode attached to his career is an exile imposed by that king after Lupus had been slandered at court. The identity of the accuser and the political background are uncertain; later narrators supplied court intrigue and miraculous vindication of a kind typical of Merovingian episcopal lives. Places named as his refuge include the monastery of Anisola (later Saint-Calais) in Maine. Miracle stories connected with the banishment—healings, providential journeys, and similar wonders—cannot be verified independently and belong to cult legend rather than to recoverable reportage. In due course he was restored to his see.

Tradition places his death on 1 September 623. He was buried at the Abbey of Sainte-Colombe, immediately outside Sens, which became the principal centre of his cult. From Sens, devotion spread widely through medieval France, as shown by the large number of parishes, villages, and churches dedicated under the names Saint-Loup and Saint-Leu, though some of those dedications may originally have honoured other saints of the same name. His feast is kept on 1 September. The Roman Martyrology commemorates him on that day as bishop and confessor at Sens. Relics associated with him were long venerated at Sainte-Colombe and in the cathedral city. Because he lived before the age of formal papal canonization, his sanctity rests on local cult, episcopal recognition, and eventual inclusion in the martyrologies rather than on a dated decree of a particular pope.

Historically, Lupus is one of the better-remembered bishops of early seventh-century Neustria, even though the written dossier is late and partly legendary. Modern historians generally accept that a bishop of this name held the see of Sens in the early 600s and that he died in the first quarter of the seventh century, while treating anecdotal details of court conflict and wonder-working with caution. His memory remained bound to the city and former archdiocese of Sens, of which he is regarded as a patron saint, and to the numerous French localities that took him as titular.

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