Suggest an Edit — Mark Ki-T'ien-Siang

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Biography

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Mark Ji Tianxiang, also known under the older romanization Mark Ki-T'ien-Siang, was a Catholic layman and physician of late Qing China. He was born in 1834 in the Jizhou area of Hebei (then Zhili). He practised medicine and was remembered for treating the sick, including patients who could not pay. In the medical world of nineteenth-century China, opium was a common analgesic and tonic. Ji became dependent on it and never succeeded in breaking the habit. Under the penitential discipline then applied by Catholic missionaries and Chinese clergy, persistent opium use was treated as a bar to the sacraments. For some thirty years his confessors therefore withheld absolution and Holy Communion, because he could not honestly promise to give up the drug.

He did not leave the Church during those decades. He continued to attend Mass, to pray, and to present himself as a penitent, asking to be freed from addiction. Later hagiography stresses that he remained humble toward the priests who denied him Communion and did not abandon Sunday worship. His life in this period is usually read as a collision between a strict moral theology of intoxication and a physiological dependence he could not overcome, rather than as formal apostasy or indifference.

In 1900 the Boxer uprising (the Yihetuan movement) swept through Christian communities in Zhili. Catholics were ordered to recant or face death. Ji, then about sixty-six, was seized together with family members who shared his faith. Traditional accounts of his martyrdom say that he asked to be executed last so that he could encourage his relatives to remain steadfast; after they had been killed he himself was put to death on 7 July 1900. He is reported to have prayed on the way to execution, in some tellings reciting the Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary. He was a husband and father; relatives, including offspring, died with him in the same persecution.

Pope Pius XII beatified him among Chinese martyrs of the Boxer period. On 1 October 2000 Pope John Paul II canonized him as one of the 120 Martyr Saints of China (Augustine Zhao Rong and companions), whose joint liturgical feast is 9 July. Because his unresolved opium dependence was joined to lifelong attachment to the Church and a martyr's death, later Catholic writers have often commended him to people struggling with narcotic addiction. That association belongs mainly to popular devotion rather than to a separate formal decree of patronage.

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