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Nelson Henry Baker was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1842. His father, Lewis Baker, was of German Lutheran background and worked as a sailor and later as a grocer; his mother, Caroline Donnellan Baker, was an Irish Catholic. Baker grew up in Buffalo, received a Catholic upbringing through his mother, and as a youth worked in the family grocery. During the American Civil War he enlisted in a New York State militia regiment and was among those who served at the time of the Battle of Gettysburg. After returning to civilian life he formed a feed and grain partnership that proved commercially successful. In the late 1860s he discerned a vocation to the Catholic priesthood, disposed of his business interests, and entered Our Lady of Angels Seminary, associated with Niagara University, to prepare for ordination in the Diocese of Buffalo. A pilgrimage to Europe during his seminary years, including visits to Rome and Loreto, confirmed his lifelong devotion to the Blessed Virgin under the title Our Lady of Victory.

He was ordained a priest in 1876 and assigned to St. Patrick parish at Limestone Hill, a working-class settlement south of Buffalo that later became the city of Lackawanna. The parish already had charge of an orphanage and a protectory for homeless or delinquent boys. Baker was soon made superintendent of these works and devoted the remaining six decades of his life to expanding them. Combining pastoral zeal with the practical habits of a former businessman, he founded the Association of Our Lady of Victory, a far-flung network of small donors reached by a periodical, and used the proceeds to build and maintain St. Joseph's Orphanage, St. John's Protectory with vocational training, a Working Boys Home, an Infant Home for abandoned babies, a maternity hospital, and Our Lady of Victory Hospital. He became famous for the rule that no child in need would be refused admission for lack of money, and his institutions eventually cared for tens of thousands of children and destitute mothers.

In the 1920s, when he was already in his eighties and a monsignor, he directed the construction of a large domed church, Our Lady of Victory National Shrine, inspired by St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The church was dedicated in 1926 and was later raised to the rank of minor basilica. Baker, popularly called Father Baker, was regarded throughout western New York as a father of the poor and of abandoned children. He died in Lackawanna in 1936 at the age of ninety-four. Enormous crowds attended his funeral, and he was buried in the basilica he had built.

The Diocese of Buffalo later introduced his cause for canonization. After examination of his life and writings, Pope Benedict XVI declared him Venerable in 2011, a recognition of heroic virtue. He has not been beatified or canonized, and the Holy See has not assigned him an official feast day or list of patronages. His charitable institutions and the basilica in Lackawanna remain the principal memorials of his work.

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