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Nicholas Cabasilas was a Byzantine theologian, mystic, and liturgical writer of the fourteenth century, born in Thessalonica to an aristocratic family of that city. He is commonly identified as Nicholas Chamaetos Cabasilas, the surname Cabasilas coming from his mother's family, which produced several notable ecclesiastics. His uncle Nilus Cabasilas was a leading theologian of the Palaiologan era, metropolitan of Thessalonica, and an opponent of Latin scholastic theology and of union with Rome on Latin terms. Nicholas received his early formation in Thessalonica, then one of the principal intellectual centers of the Byzantine world, and continued his studies in Constantinople, where he was trained in rhetoric, philosophy, and sacred letters.

The middle decades of the fourteenth century were marked by dynastic civil war between the supporters of John V Palaiologos and those of John VI Kantakouzenos, and by the related hesychast controversy. Cabasilas belonged to the Thessalonian aristocracy that suffered during the Zealot regime in his native city in the 1340s, and he is associated with the Kantakouzenos party. After the restoration of more regular imperial authority he lived chiefly in Constantinople. He stood with Gregory Palamas and the hesychasts in the theological disputes of the age, defending the possibility of real participation in the uncreated life of God. At the same time he did not follow those Byzantine intellectuals, such as Demetrios Kydones, who entered deeply into Latin Thomism and advocated ecclesiastical union with the papacy.

Cabasilas's principal theological achievement is the treatise known as The Life in Christ, arranged in seven books. It presents Christian existence as a life of union with Christ begun and sustained in the sacraments, especially baptism, the sealing with chrism, and the Eucharist, and it develops a spirituality that is both liturgical and interior. His Commentary on the Divine Liturgy offers a continuous spiritual interpretation of the Byzantine eucharistic rite, treating the visible ceremonies as signs of the hidden work of Christ. He also wrote homilies, panegyrics of saints including St. Demetrios of Thessalonica, a discourse against usurers, and various letters. His style is relatively clear and pastoral compared with some Palamite scholastic writing, which helped his works circulate widely in Greek and later in translation.

Although later Orthodox piety has sometimes depicted him in monastic terms, the prevailing judgment of modern historians is that Cabasilas remained a layman and never held episcopal office. He is last clearly attested in sources of the early 1390s, after which he disappears from the record. The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates him as a saint on 20 June. In the modern period his writings have been important both within Orthodoxy and in ecumenical discussion of sacramental theology and of the mystical tradition of the Christian East.

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