Nicon

Nicon, known in Greek as Nikon ho Metanoeite (Nikon the Metanoeite, from his preaching cry metanoeite, repent ye), was a Byzantine monk and itinerant preacher of the tenth century. Nearly all that can be said of him with reasonable confidence comes from a Greek Life composed at Sparta in the eleventh century, together with later liturgical commemorations. According to that Life he was a native of the Armeniakon theme in northern Asia Minor (Pontus), born into a prosperous Christian family that intended him for a secular career. Some modern scholars have suggested Armenian ancestry, but this is not independently documented. As a young man he left home and entered the monastery of Chrysopetro, in the hill country on the border of Pontus and Paphlagonia. He remained there for twelve years in ordinary Byzantine monastic discipline—liturgy, fasting, obedience, and labor—before concluding that he was called to leave the cloister and preach repentance in public.

His ministry began in Asia Minor. After the emperor Nikephoros II Phokas recovered Crete from Arab rule in 961, Nicon crossed to the island and spent a substantial period, often reckoned at several years, among a population whose church life had been disrupted by more than a century of Muslim occupation. The Life presents him as a restorer of Christian practice and of churches, not as a bishop or imperial agent. From Crete he moved to the Greek mainland. The vita traces preaching at Athens, Euboea, Thebes, Corinth, Argos, and Nauplion before he settled at Lacedaemonia, the Byzantine city on the site of ancient Sparta. There he founded a church dedicated to Christ the Savior and gathered a small monastic community that became the center of his last years.

At Sparta his reputation rested on austerity, moral preaching, and reports of healing and foreknowledge. The Life portrays him as a severe critic of usury, civic violence, and sexual disorder, and as a monk who could impose public penance. It also recounts conflict with the local Jewish community, an episode historians treat with caution as a blend of possible local memory and conventional hagiographical polemic. Nothing in the surviving sources indicates that he married, had children, or held episcopal office; his authority was that of a monk-preacher. He was neither Bishop of Rome nor Coptic Pope of Alexandria, nor patriarch of any Orthodox or Oriental see.

Nicon died at Sparta on 26 November 998 and was buried in the Savior church he had established. A cult formed quickly at his tomb. A member of the community produced the Life that remains the principal narrative source, and he entered Byzantine calendars with 26 November as his feast. In later centuries he was regarded as a patron of Sparta, and a church associated with his name stood in the town. No papal canonization of the later Western type is recorded; recognition followed the older pattern of local veneration and liturgical commemoration. He is distinct from other holy men of the same name, including a largely legendary Sicilian martyr placed in the Decian persecution and Nikon, hegumen of the Kiev Caves, who died in the eleventh century. For the preacher of Sparta, the exact year of birth, the precise site of Chrysopetro, and many miracle stories cannot be verified from non-hagiographical evidence.