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Saint Macarius of Unzha, also called Macarius of Zheltovodsk, was a Russian Orthodox monk and wonderworker of the fifteenth century whose life is known primarily from later hagiographical accounts. He was born in 1349 in Nizhny Novgorod, then the capital of an independent Russian principality on the Volga, to parents described as pious Christians. From childhood he showed a marked inclination to prayer and withdrawal from the world. At the age of twelve he left his family home without their knowledge and entered the Caves Monastery of the Ascension in Nizhny Novgorod. There he received the monastic tonsure and the name Macarius; his baptismal name is not recorded. He remained in that community for many years, practicing strict fasting, night-long prayer, and humble obedience, and acquired a reputation for holiness among the brethren.

Desiring a more solitary life, Macarius eventually left Nizhny Novgorod and settled in a remote district known as the Yellow Waters (Zheltye Vody) on the Volga. Around 1435 he founded a small monastic community dedicated to the Holy Trinity, which became the Zheltovodsky Makaryev Monastery. The foundation was short-lived. In 1439 the site was attacked and destroyed during a raid by the forces of Ulugh Muhammad, khan of Kazan. Macarius and the surviving monks were taken captive. Traditional accounts state that the khan, impressed by the elder’s demeanor and perhaps alarmed by events interpreted as divine signs, released him and allowed the remaining brethren to depart, on the condition that they not rebuild on the Volga.

Macarius then traveled north into the forested Unzha River region, in the lands that now form Kostroma Oblast. In 1439 he established a second Trinity monastery, the Unzhensky Makaryev Monastery. He spent his final years there in ascetic labor, attracting a small number of disciples. He died on 25 July 1444 at the age of ninety-five and was buried at the monastery. His relics were later found incorrupt and became a center of local pilgrimage; miracles of healing were reported both during his lifetime and after his death. Veneration as a saint began in the region already in the fifteenth century.

The two monasteries associated with Macarius later received princely and tsarist support and developed into significant spiritual and economic centers of the Muscovite state. The Unzhensky house in particular remained the principal focus of his cult. He is commemorated in the Russian Orthodox Church on 25 July. His life belongs to the broader pattern of northern Russian monastic expansion in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, combining eremitic withdrawal with the founding of cenobitic communities during a period of Tatar pressure and the political gathering of the Russian lands around Moscow.