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Rufinus of Capua, known in Polish as Rufin z Kapui and in Latin as Rufinus Capuanus, was a bishop of the ancient see of Capua in Campania, in southern Italy, and is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. Almost nothing about his life can be established from contemporary evidence. He belongs to the large group of early Italian bishops whose names were preserved in liturgical books and in the Roman Martyrology rather than in letters, conciliar acts, or a surviving vita. Later hagiographical compilations commonly place him in the fifth century, and some modern saint directories give the year 423 for his death, but that precise year is not confirmed by an independent late-antique document and should be treated as traditional rather than critically demonstrated.

Capua was in late antiquity a major city of Campania, lying on the Via Appia inland from the Bay of Naples, and its bishopric ranked among the more important sees of southern Italy. The Roman Martyrology commemorates Saint Rufinus as bishop of Capua on 26 August. The notice is brief and does not describe a martyrdom; he is therefore generally classed as a confessor-bishop. No account of his birthplace, parentage, education, or election to the see has been preserved, and it is not known whether he was a native of Capua. The episcopal lists of Capua for the fourth and fifth centuries are incomplete, so his place relative to better-attested bishops of the same church, such as Memor in the early fifth century, cannot be fixed with certainty. The political setting was the last generations of the Western Roman Empire in Italy, but no surviving text ties Rufinus to any particular imperial or papal event.

He should not be confused with other early Christian figures of the same name, above all Tyrannius Rufinus of Aquileia, the priest and translator of Origen who died in the early fifth century, or with Saint Rufinus of Assisi, an earlier bishop and martyr. The cult of Rufinus of Capua remained essentially local. Tradition holds that his relics were kept and venerated in Capua and associated with the cathedral church of the city. No theological writings, synodal signatures, or papal correspondence can be securely attributed to him, which explains why he is obscure outside the martyrological and local liturgical tradition of Campania.

Recognition of his sanctity rests on ancient cultus rather than on a formal papal canonization of the later medieval or modern type. He is not known to have belonged to a religious order, and nothing is recorded concerning a spouse or children. He did not occupy the see of Rome or any patriarchal throne. His historical significance is that of a representative bishop of late-antique Campania whose memory the Church of Capua maintained in its calendar, and who was later received into the general martyrology of the Latin Church under the date 26 August.

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