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Biography

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Sai Baba of Shirdi was an Indian spiritual figure of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, venerated by Hindu and Muslim devotees as a saint, fakir, and satguru. Almost nothing about his parentage, birthplace, or early life can be established from contemporary records; later traditions that assign a birth around the late 1830s or a birthplace at Pathri in present-day Maharashtra are not confirmed by independent historical evidence. Traditional accounts hold that he first appeared in the village of Shirdi, in the Ahmednagar district of what is now Maharashtra, as a young ascetic around the middle of the nineteenth century, often placed by devotees near 1858. A local temple priest, Mhalsapati, is said to have addressed him as Sai, after which he became known as Sai Baba. He dressed in the manner of a Muslim fakir, wearing a long kafni robe and a cloth tied about his head, and he took up residence in a dilapidated mosque that he called Dwarkamai.

In Shirdi he lived with extreme simplicity, begging alms, keeping a perpetual sacred fire (the dhuni), and receiving visitors. His teaching was conveyed through brief sayings, parables, and personal example rather than a written system of doctrine. It stressed the oneness of God, the underlying unity of religions, charity, forgiveness, contentment, and devotion to God and to the guru. He used both Hindu and Islamic religious language, reciting material associated with Hindu scripture as well as the Quran, taking part in Hindu festivals while also observing Muslim practices such as namaz, and repeating phrases such as Allah Malik and Sabka Malik Ek (one God is the master of all). In this way he gathered a mixed following of Hindus and Muslims in western India at a period of rising communal tension.

Devotees credited him with healings, knowledge of distant events, and other extraordinary powers. Such claims rest chiefly on later hagiographical literature rather than on independent contemporary documentation. The principal narrative source for his life is the Shri Sai Satcharitra, a Marathi work composed after his death by Govindrao Raghunath Dabholkar (Hemadpant), who had known him and who collected stories from other devotees. Other early witnesses included the kirtan performer Das Ganu Maharaj and members of local families such as those of Tatya Kote Patil and Bayajabai. Sai Baba left no formal religious order, no spouse, and no children; he lived throughout his known career as a celibate itinerant-turned-resident ascetic.

He died in Shirdi on 15 October 1918, a date that that year coincided with the Hindu festival of Vijayadashami. His body was interred in a shrine that developed into the Samadhi Mandir, now the centre of a major pilgrimage complex. In the decades after his death his cult spread far beyond Maharashtra, especially from the later twentieth century, and he became one of the most widely venerated religious figures in modern India, with temples and devotees across the subcontinent and in the Indian diaspora. Historical scholarship continues to treat his origins and many miracle stories as unverifiable, while acknowledging the well-attested facts of his long residence in Shirdi, his interreligious following, and the date and place of his death.

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