Synesius

Synesius of Cyrene was a late antique Greek philosopher, man of letters, and bishop whose career illustrates the encounter between Hellenic culture and Christianity in the eastern Roman Empire. He was born at Cyrene in Cyrenaica, one of the cities of the Libyan Pentapolis, into a family of local aristocrats that claimed descent from the ancient Dorian settlers of the region and from the Heraclids. The precise year of his birth is not attested in contemporary sources. He received a classical education and studied philosophy at Alexandria as a pupil of Hypatia, remaining attached to her circle and later exchanging letters with her. His writings display a mind shaped by Plato, Plotinus, and the rhetorical tradition of the Greek East.

Near the end of the fourth century the cities of the Pentapolis sent him as their ambassador to the court of the emperor Arcadius at Constantinople, where he remained for about three years. There he delivered the oration known as On Kingship, in which he criticized court luxury and the reliance on Gothic military power, and he obtained some concessions for his province. After returning home he married a Christian woman whose name has not been preserved, and he lived for a time as a landed gentleman, occupying himself with hunting, local administration, and literature. From this period date several of his principal works, among them Dion, On Providence (Aegyptius), On Dreams, the Encomium of Baldness, and a series of hymns that mix Neoplatonic and Christian imagery.

Around 410 the people and clergy of Ptolemais elected him bishop of that city and metropolitan of the Pentapolis. Synesius accepted the office only after declaring that he would not separate from his wife and that he would not be obliged to teach as dogma certain philosophical positions he still held, including the pre-existence of the soul, the eternity of the world, and a non-material interpretation of the resurrection. As bishop he proved an active civic and pastoral leader. He organized the defense of the countryside against raids by the Austuriani and other desert tribes, corresponded with imperial officials to obtain military support, and sought to maintain ecclesiastical discipline in a period of administrative decline. His letters from the episcopal years are among the most informative surviving documents of a bishop’s daily work on the African frontier of the empire.

His last years were overshadowed by the deaths of his children, which he lamented in correspondence with friends, including Hypatia. The exact date and place of his own death are unknown; he disappears from the historical record in the early fifth century, and modern estimates commonly place his death in the 410s. He founded no lasting school and was not the focus of an early saint’s cult. Later readers have prized his letters, hymns, and essays as evidence for the intellectual and social world of Greek North Africa before the Vandal conquest. He is not known to have been formally canonized, and no feast day or patronage is securely recorded for him in the principal martyrologies of the Catholic or Orthodox churches.