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Terence Albert O'Brien was born in 1600 at Tuogh, near Cappamore in County Limerick, in the west of Ireland. He belonged to a branch of the O'Brien family historically associated with Thomond. In youth he entered the Dominican Order, taking Albert as his name in religion, and began his formation at the Dominican house in Limerick. Because penal restrictions in Ireland limited Catholic education, he was sent to the Continent and studied at Dominican houses in Spain, including Toledo, where he was ordained a priest before returning to work in Ireland.

He rose in the Irish Dominican province, serving as prior of St Saviour's priory in Limerick and, in the early 1640s, as provincial of the Irish Dominicans. That office placed him at the centre of the order's efforts to sustain religious life during the Confederate Wars that followed the 1641 rising. He aligned himself with the papal nuncio Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, who arrived in 1645 seeking a settlement that would restore public Catholic worship and episcopal authority rather than a merely political compromise with the English crown or parliament.

In 1647 O'Brien was appointed Bishop of Emly, a medieval diocese in County Tipperary adjoining his native Limerick, and was consecrated by Rinuccini. As bishop he continued to support the nuncio's party against Confederates who favoured the Inchiquin truce and later accommodation with the royalist Marquis of Ormond. After the Confederate cause collapsed, Cromwellian armies overran Ireland. In 1651 Henry Ireton laid siege to Limerick, one of the last major Catholic strongholds. O'Brien was in the city and was among those who argued against early surrender, holding that the terms would not protect the Catholic religion or the lives of priests.

When Limerick capitulated at the end of October 1651, O'Brien was excluded from the articles of surrender. He was seized while trying to leave the city, tried by court-martial, and condemned to death. Period accounts state that he was offered his life if he would renounce the Catholic faith and submit to the new regime; he refused. He was hanged at Gallows Green in Limerick on 30 October 1651. Witnesses described him as going to execution with composure and blessing the crowd from the scaffold. His death formed part of a wider pattern of executions of Catholic clergy during the Cromwellian settlement.

O'Brien's reputation as a martyr was kept in Dominican and Irish Catholic tradition. On 27 September 1992 Pope John Paul II beatified him in Rome together with sixteen other men and women put to death for the Catholic faith in Ireland in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The group is known as the Irish Martyrs and is commemorated on 20 June. Blessed Terence Albert O'Brien is remembered as a Dominican bishop whose office and death illustrate the collision of religion, war, and state power in mid-seventeenth-century Ireland.

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