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Æthelburh of Wilton, also recorded as Alburga or Ethelburga, was an Anglo-Saxon noblewoman of the royal house of Wessex who is traditionally regarded as the foundress and first abbess of a nunnery at Wilton in Wiltshire. Later medieval writers describe her as a half-sister of King Egbert of Wessex, who ruled from 802 to 839, and as a daughter of Ealhmund. She is said to have married Wulfstan, ealdorman of Wiltshire. This alliance would have connected her both to the rising West Saxon dynasty and to the regional aristocracy of Wiltshire in the early ninth century.

Tradition relates that Wulfstan founded a church or a college of secular clergy at Wilton, dedicated to Saint Mary. After his death, Æthelburh converted the foundation into a community of nuns and governed it as abbess. She is thereby credited with establishing the house that later became famous as Wilton Abbey. The year of her death is given in later sources as 810. No charter or entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle independently attests these events, and the account rests on hagiographical and monastic foundation legends compiled well after the ninth century.

Wilton Abbey emerged as a major royal nunnery in the tenth century, closely tied to the West Saxon court. Saint Edith of Wilton, daughter of King Edgar, lived there, and the community received generous royal endowments. Modern historians have noted that the story of an early ninth-century royal foundress may have been shaped or amplified in later centuries to enhance the abbey’s prestige and antiquity. It remains possible that a regular monastic community at Wilton was organized or reformed only in the tenth century, during the Benedictine revival associated with figures such as Dunstan, Æthelwold, and Oswald.

Æthelburh was venerated as a saint in medieval England, and some calendars assign her a feast on 25 December. Her cult appears to have been local rather than widespread, and no particular patronages are securely attached to her name. She must be distinguished from several other seventh-century saints called Æthelburh, including the Kentish princess who married King Edwin of Northumbria, the abbess of Barking who was sister to Bishop Eorcenwald, and the East Anglian princess who became abbess of Faremoutiers in Francia. Nothing certain is known of her burial beyond the likelihood that she was laid to rest at Wilton.

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